The Russian & History Essay Example for Free

The Russian History Essay In 1918 and 1824, the Russian took over this Region of Kyrgyzstan. They included it in its union of member nations which was called U. S. S. R. The people of Kyrgyzstan instigated several revolts and demonstrations against the union. But the Russians were very brutal and stronger which caused many Kyrgyzstan people to free to the Parmir Mountains or to Afghanistan. In August 1991 the Kyrgyzstan regained there independence. Many organizations, groups and others who had freed the country were recalled to re-gather and reestablish into a solid group that included a backlash against the Russian. In 2000 February two rounds of parliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan. The organization for Security and Cooperation engency (OSCE) was the international elections over seer. After the elections, this organization reported that elections failed to comply with commitments to free and fair elections and hence invalid. But the public remained calm over this matter, they never demonstrated or protested. (www. advantour. com/kyrgyzstan/history. htm) In 2005 February 25 another election was organized. The same organization which held responsibility over overseeing the election process in the previous election of 2000 was the same election overseer for that election. After the election president Akayev was announced the winner and sworn in. But the election observers reported that elections had some improvements over the 2000 election. The added that indelible ink was used, Transparent ballot boxes and general good access by election observers to the voting centers, but the concluded the election didn’t comply with the commitments of free and fair elections Sporadic protest against peeved manipulated and fraud during the elections of February 27, 2005, erupted into widespread calls for the government to resign, which started into widespread calls march 24, 15,000 pro-opposition demonstrators in Bishkek called for resignation of the President and his regime. Protestors seized the main government building, and Akayev hurriedly fled to resign and denouncing the events as a coup, he subsequently resigned his office on April 4. El Salvador (examples of ‘jihad and MacWorld’) In 1972 an election was organized, the two main political parties were the PCN and the UNO. The PCN was the party in power and had chosen Colonel Arturo Molina as its candidate. The candidate for the UNO (United National Opposition) was Napoleon Duarte. The campaigns in this election process were violent and dangerous, incidents of harassment, kidnapping, and assault against their activists where sighted. Finally after the casting of the votes, it was found out the Duarte from the opposition side had worn the elections. The ruling party recalled for a re-count which it claimed the winner. And Molina of the Ruling party was sworn in as the president. The blatancy of the fraud employed to maintain the PCN in power outraged and disillusioned many Salvadorans, including members of the armed forces. One faction of the officer corps, a new military youth wing, attempted to talk direct action to the official; exploitation of a system that had until that point shown some promise of evolving in a genuinely democracy direction. This group of young army officers, led by Colonel Benjamin Mejia, launched a coup (www. workmall. com/wfb2001/el_salvador/el_salvador_history_index. html) on March 25 1972. Their immediate goal was the establishment of a revolutionary Junta. â€Å"It seemed clear however that the officers favored the installation of Duarte as president. Kyrgyzstan (international global forces’ role in its power struggle) From 1900 Kyrgyzstan experienced about two direct/indirect influences in its power struggle. The first one was its integration into the U. S. S. R, Union of member nations which had negatives and positives towards its power struggles. The ruthless suppression of 1916 rebellions in central Asia, Kyrgyzstan inclusive triggered by the Russians imposition of them, caused many Kyrgyz flee to chain, Afghanistan and in the Pamir Mountains. All its national resources and other produce was collected and sent to Russia, where the cake was divided into and the Kyrgyzstan could be sent back the peanuts. However on the positive side of its integration into the union of the U. S. S. R, it got considerable cultural, educational, social development and economic improvements. This changes and developments where brought about by the U. S. S. R broadness and dives try (www. workmall. com/wfb2001/kyrgyzstan/kyrgyzstan_history_index. html) The second international/global force to influence its power struggle indirectly was the U. S. It is speculated that U. S directly or indirectly influenced the disintegration of the U. S. S. R union. And helped many their struggle towards their impendence. It also offered aid in the field of democratic politics, human rights economic aid and other. (www. advantour. com/kyrgyzstan/history. htm) However if there were no international forces in this country’s struggle toward achieving power. There would have been positive and negatives effects. After the World War II, the cold war began; it meant that you had to support the U. S or the U. S. S. R. Those who believe in communism like China, Cuba, North Korea and many others were on the U. S. S. R side. And those who support capitalism like Britain, Australia, Spain, France and many others had to be on the U. S side. These countries benefited fir the support of these systems. They got grants, aid and markets for their produce in return for their support from these big two giants. El Salvador (international/global forces in its power struggle) During the 12 – year civil war, human rights violations by both the government security forces and left-wing guerillas were rampant. The accords established a Truth commission under United Nations auspices to investigate the most serious cases. The commission reported its finding in 1993. It recommends that those identified as human rights violators be removed from all government and military posts, as well as recommending the judicial reforms. Thereafter, the legislation Assembly grants amnesty for political crimes committed during wars Among those freed as a result were the El Salvador Armed forces (ESAF) officers convicted in the November 1989 Jesuit murders and the FMLN ex- combatants held for the 1991 murders of two U. S service men. The peace accords also established the AD Hoc commission to evaluate the human rights record of the ESAF officers (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_El_ Salvador) The second direct involvement was by the U. S The carter administration had lost considerably leverage in El Salvador when the Romero government renounced United States aid in 1977. The United States there for welcomed the October 1979 coup and backed it up with its approval. When the economic aid package that by 1980 had become the largest western hemisphere recipients. A small amount of military aid also was provided. The United States advisers contributed to the third junta’s agrians reform program, particularly in phase III, of the reform, so called land to the Tiller decree of April 28 1980, granting title to small holders. (http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/el-salvador/HISTORY. html) However the United States had two motives why it involved its self in the El Salvador politics. First was to prevent the communism expansion threat through out the Central America. And to promote human rights this country. If there were no external forces in the politics of this nation perhaps the situation would have been worse. (www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/47/index) In El Salvador, there was violence through out the 1970s and 1980s, and thousands upon thousands died. In Kyrgyzstan, there was only very limited violence in 2005. With perhaps a dozen people dead as a result. Why was El Salvador so violent and why was Kyrgyzstan relatively peaceful? El Salvador These countries in the Central American Region were a high target in the cold war period. The U. S feared the expansion of communism could terminate its union states so it worked had to stop it rather if possible to eliminate it completely. Some countries were already converted like Cuba, Nicaragua, Chile and others. And the U. S. S. R put so much effort in these countries because they near to the United States. The Reagan administration initially appeared to stress the need to shore up El Salvador as a barrier against communism expansion in Central America. The United States Department of state issued a special report on February 23, 1981 entitled communism expansion interference in El Salvador which emphasized Nicaraguan, Cub and soviet support for the FMLN. The report was widely criticized in American media and the United States congress. Nevertheless, the administration succeeded in increasing substantially the United States military and economic aid to El Salvador appropriation. (http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/el-salvador/HISTORY. html) The second reason as to why there has been so much violence in El Salvador is the land issue. El Salvador is a small country, with a rapid growing population. Land in this country is not divided equally as much of the land was being divided by the rich and the high govern officials and little remain to the majority. Being the fact that most of the El Salvadorans people are farmers they don’t have a enough land for cultivation. So this has caused an influence in their politics. Whoever wants political power uses this land issue to win the attention of the majority landless in this country. (www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/47/index) In 1969 this land distribution wrangles went beyond their boundary to its most immediate neighbor Honduras. The El Salvador people crossed the boundary illegally into the Hondurans and encroached on their land. The Hondurans is a big country with a low population and most of the land is not development. President Oswald Lopez Arellan (1963-1971) influenced the law reform to evict the El Salvadorans back to their country. After their expulsion The government of El Salvador responded with a military offense to the Hondurans and a war between the two countries started. The people of El Salvador are power greedy. They didn’t have political willingness to take power democratically or by any peaceful means. When it means to rig elections they can do it, and the one who loses is not ready to give up and resort to military offences. They were used to coup way of taking over power. (www. politicalgraveyard. com/geo/ZZ/EL. html) Taking power and coup in this region had become the order of the day. In Cuba the regime which was in power used a barrier of a gun. In Nicaragua it was the same, Chile, Haiti and others. The only way of changing government in this region was not any other means but through military means. Kyrgyzstan (why has it been peaceful over the past years) There are many factors which have contributed to relative peace in this country over the past years. Kyrgyzstan’s union in the U. S. S. R meant the people of this country had little or non at political influence other than the union. Whenever the communist party choose some one for a position, it was final no question over that. Some how the people of this country got used to stay calm. The Kyrgyz Stan people had been deprived off their freedom of political choice. They never had before, any kind of greed for political power compared to the people of El Salvador. This speculated on their back ground before the 1900 and when the Russian included in to the U. S. S. R where Stalin had an iron hand to all who seemed like they wanted to oppose him This nation is a big country in relation to its population. It means the people of this country have more than enough land to cultivate and rear their animals without any interference. This gave employments to the youth who would have easily convinced in to acts of violence. (www. worldstatesmen. org/Kyrgyzstan. htm) The economy of this nation is big. Kyrgyzstan’s gross domestic product was in 2003 $1. 9 billion, in 2002 it was $1. 6 billion and in 2001 it was $1. 5 billion which contributes $536 for each Kyrgyz monthly. Kyrgyzstan have abundant hydropower, significant deposits of gold, rare metals, locally exploited coal, oil and natural gas. Agriculture produce includes tobacco, cotton, wheat vegetable (potatoes, sugar beets, beans) , fruits apple apricots, peaches grapes , berries etc. Its exports include small machinery transformers light industry and many others. Http://www. state. gov/r/pdi/bgn/5755.htm) Reference list Information about Kyrgyz Stan history, politics and economy (www. advantour. com/kyrgyzstan/history. htm) (Http://www. state. gov/r/pdi/bgn/5755. htm) (www. worldstatesmen. org/Kyrgyzstan. htm) (www. workmall. com/wfb2001/kyrgyzstan/kyrgyzstan_history_index. html) Information about El Salvador political history, economy (www. workmall. com/wfb2001/el_salvador/el_salvador_history_index. html) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_El_ Salvador) (www. politicalgraveyard. com/geo/ZZ/EL. html) (www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/47/index) (http://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/el-salvador/HISTORY. html)