Naive Realism Essay

Sensory perception, or how people view things in life, helps to define naà ¯ve realism, meaning that we view the world directly as we see it, in cold, concrete tangibility.  Ã‚   Meaning, I know I have seen a bird and not just something created in my mind.   Ã‚  Representative realism, on the other hand, believes that the mind formulates images—crafts them—as the mind digests information and then creates the images we see within the bounds of our peripheral space. I will discuss two differences between naà ¯ve realism and representative realism followed by an assessment of representative realism. First of all, when we view life as a naà ¯ve realist, we can prove with tangible evidence—using some or all of the six senses— that what we perceive is actually there. For example, a birthday cake on a table can be touched, tasted, felt, and smelled, thereby proving its existence.   The representative realist fathoms images seen from an abstract angle.   For example, cloud formations in the sky can be viewed as different objects.   Someone says, â€Å"I see a bear’s face in the cloud, while someone else may see a butterfly. To go one step further, in naà ¯ve realism, we say that time is distributed into ‘now,’ which is a real experience, and ‘the past,’ which did happen but no longer exists, and ‘the future,’ which is yet to occur. Science says we have â€Å"objective reality,† or the here and now.   Along with this, there is â€Å"subjective perception,† or two people seeing the same thing differently.   Classical science, then, broke away from naà ¯ve realism and had to consider the representative realist’s viewpoint.   For example, when we think of dreams or watching a movie, two people may see things very differently. True, they are there, but where is the distinction-mark drawn to separate what is dreamt and what is real, or how do we separate two different viewpoints of the same movie? This, for a naà ¯ve realist, is difficult to answer.   Sure, we can speculate but it only brings us closer to falling in line with the representative’s methodology.   Here’s an analogy to help define this: The representative realist’s brain acts as a baker that follows a recipe, using the ingredients in his kitchen to bake a cake. Slight modifications in the amount of an ingredient can alter the flavor, or even the appearance of the cake.   A potential award-winning three-layer cake will sink in the oven without sufficient yeast.   Thus, the representative realist solves this dilemma by believing the brain is the baker cooking up images, whereas the naà ¯ve realist purely functions on digesting tangible images. Naà ¯ve realism can be criticized and assessed further. If we regard perception as a case whereby individual knowledge creates what we see, the floodgate of personal interpretation is opened.   Can naà ¯ve realism swim in these floodgates of varied perceptions?   If situations are regarded simply, then the naà ¯ve realist can understand what he sees. However, life is not a simple cookie-cutter mold.   Even something as simple as a lump of wax seeks varied interpretation when we add a new ingredient, say a wick and a flame.   Now the wax takes on new features and varied perceptions.   Even the same person can visualize the same object in many different ways. Look at a print created by M.C. Escher and you will see how quickly the mind can shift its perceptive view of the same thing. In final assessment of representative realism, it can be seen that it does, in fact, provides a significant and worthwhile advancement in our understanding of humankind experiences.   For, living in a world where the psychological makeup of an individual holds such lasting presence, it is difficult to image only believing in the naà ¯ve realist’s way of thinking.   However, just to be fair, naà ¯ve realism will always have a place in human intellectual perception.   It’s up to the individual to determine how she sees things. SOURCES: http://www.arrod.co.uk/essays/representative-realism.php http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/4368.php http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1916/Dewey_1916_09.html         

Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization

Marketing is an important tool for any business. It is how a company makes their product known to the public. Without marketing, the consumers will either not know that the product even exists or will not know all the applications of the product; who makes it, what it is and what it is made from, when came on the market, where it can be purchased, how it can help the consumer and why the consumer should even purchase the product in the first place. According to Tom Ash, Marketing is the process whereby demands for products, services and ideas are anticipated, managed and satisfied (2011). Now, marketing research, on the other hand is just as important, just as effective and the results are just as significant to the success of a company. Creating a marketing strategy is just as important as business creating a business plan. In order to develop your strategy for your business it does require some form of research (Stein, 2009). After all, how could a company, not matter how big or small, know how to put their product or service on the market without researching what the market is looking for to begin with? Kudler Fine Food’s marketing strategy reaches out first to the senses by describing their delicious food and spirits; it targets an audience that would prefer finer foods as well as their locations. Kudler describes each of its three locations and points out that they are spacious and located in fashionable shopping areas. Kudler not only details what they sell, but who they are, what their mission is and what their history is. In my opinion, a company that is so open to the public about itself is using a remarkable marketing strategy. I must say that I am a visual person and while seeing the pictures that Kudler offers on their web-site, their lyrical description of the foods they offer makes me wish that this was a real place! For this reason, I believe that visual marketing is the most powerful and effective marketing tool ever created. The bakery, meats and seafood, produce, cheese and wine are so much easier to sell when they are visually mouthwatering to the consumer! The most interesting tactic that I am aware of on the Kudler Fine Food’s ite is the survey. I personally think this is a great (as well as free) way to obtain feedback on their stores and learn how to improve them in an effort to meet their customer’s needs; not the needs of their own. It aids Kudler in learning what and where their strength and weaknesses are simply by offering a one minute survey for customers that have visited their store to do. Of course, no web-site is perfect; they each have room for growth. On the Kudler Fine Food’s web-site, in my opinion, the area that could use additional market research is the specific types of foods that the consumer is in the market for. The web-site lists the different types of food that they sell, of course, but if they went a little further and offered additional market research that informed the visitors of the web-site as well as the store what products they they sell are good for you and in what way, I think the web-site would be much more beneficial to the consumer. This would be especially effective in a time where people are so careful about eating healthy foods and stores that help them find those foods. According to McGonagle, â€Å"Competitive intelligence is the selection, collection, interpretation and distribution of publicly-held information that has strategic importance, it is the analytical process that transforms disaggregated competitor intelligence into relevant, accurate and usable strategic knowledge about competitors, position, performance, capabilities and intentions, a way of thinking. It uses public sources to locate and develop information on competition and competitors and it is highly specific and timely information about a corporation† (2009). This relates to the Kudler Fine Food’s marketing strategy because Kudler uses its selection, collection, interpretation and distribution of publicly-held information about not only themselves, but about the products the sell. I can say that I have not really been able to locate any company that Kudler is competitive with on their web-site but I do notice that their selection can be considered competitive in any market. The way in which Kudler describes their position, performance, capabilities and intentions is very relative to a marketing strategy because they are not hiding behind any veils or doors about whom they are or who they portray what they are about. The importance of competitive intelligence and analysis in regards to the development of Kudler Fine Food’s tactics offers the consumer the opportunity to tell them what they do or don’t like, which store they have hopped in, how the learned about Kudler Fine Food’s, and why they shopped there and why they will shop there again. Any tactic a business can use in analyzing their own web-site through the eyes of their customer is a very strong use of competitive intelligence. Kudler Fine Food’s also utilizes the tactic of visual aids which entice the consumer even more. The competitive intelligence used in this tactic is by making their food look better than that of their competitors. It is their attention to detail and the responsibility they take in creating and selling food’s that are affordable, healthy and accessible to their customer. Doing research can involve finding out who else is in the niche, how they are advertising, what keywords they are targeting, where they are advertising, and many other factors. This does not mean that you follow your competition or stalk them because you very well could be wasting a great deal of time doing this (Stein, 2009). Kudler uses the wording ‘Finest Foods’. Now while there is no way to prove that their food is the finest available, they believe that it is. That is the greatest strength in marketing research in the development of Kudler Fine Food’s; believing that your company and your product is the best on the market. Every company has something different to offer the consumer. Whether it be a product: cosmetic, mechanical, clothing or a service, the best way to market yourself and your product is by believing in the product or service. References Ash, T. (2011). Why marketing is important to your business. Retrieved May 17, 2011 from http://www.articlesbase.com/viral-marketing-articles/why-marketing-is-important-to-your-business-410123.html McGonagle, J. (2009). An overview of competitive intelligence. Retrieved May 17, 2011 from http://www.combsinc.com/chapt1.htm Stein, J. (2009). Why is marketing research important to developing marketing strategy. Retrieved May 17, 2011 from http://www.articlesproductions.com/f77/why-marketing-research-important-developing-marketing-strategy-1006/

Historical Developments in Samsung YOUM flexible display Research Paper

Historical Developments in Samsung YOUM flexible display - Research Paper Example Like the predecessor model Samsung galaxy S, it was touch screen enabled and adopted a slate format android shape. It however had better improved hardware. It was a slim model with the exception of two bulges at the edges. It also offered High Definition Link allowing up to 1080 uncompressed video output. Samsung galaxy III was launched during this date. It carries the slogan a phone that is smarter than you. This is because it has a unique feature not present in other android phones of having an intelligent voice assistant and eye tracking capabilities. It also has bigger storage space and wireless charging ability. Samsung displayed two prototypes of 4.5 inch AMOLED display which are yet to be launched. This phone is the most unique of the Smartphone’s that have been released up to date by having a flexible unbreakable screen. This phone model is paper thin and can thus be folded twice like a paper or even be rolled into a tube. It has flexible OLED colored screens. The OELEDs which are chemical components require minimal light to produce colored screen. However, it is feared that this OLED screens may fail to work because the need to be kept away for oxygen which may not be possible. This is however seen as precursor to development of S 4 models with more advanced

What is the nature of the controversy between Christians and Essay

What is the nature of the controversy between Christians and evolutionists - Essay Example However, the evolutionists disagree with the spiritual aspect of man and the existence of God. Most of the evolutionists are agnostics or atheist; they believe that the existence of the universe is a never-ending cycle. Evolutionists believe that man is born, has the ability to live and survive, and dies. For them, there is no life after death and that men are created in order to struggle to survive and not to abide from the Scriptures of God; in this case, ethical principles are more important than religious obedience. For the evolutionists, people must be taught with the ethics of the existence of the universe and life per se while the Christians believe that people must learn from the Scriptures in order to gain the life that is set to them after death (Gibbs, 2005). Since time immemorial, these two views have been battling the grounds of the beginning of life and the creation of the earth and the universe. Nonetheless, the nature of the controversy behind is that, up until today, the decision lies within the

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Immigration - Essay Example The opponents of illegal immigration also say that illegal immigrants are burdens to law-abiding citizens. While the majority tends to think that illegal immigration has a negative influence only, in reality, it can have positive influence as well. More specifically, illegal immigration can make a positive economic contribution. As it follows from the research described in the article titled Illegal Immigration: A Positive Economic Contribution to the United States by Nadadur (2009), illegal immigrants have a significant positive impact on the economic growth of the USA. After conducting a qualitative research on the fiscal impact of illegal immigration taking into account the paid taxes and the costs from the use of social services imposed on the society, the author of the article draws the conclusion that despite the fact illegal immigrants impose a certain challenge at both local and state levels, their contribution to the economy should be regarded as positive due to the fact they take part in business development and job creation (Nadadur, 2009). When it comes to immigrants themselves, it appears that they face significant challenges posed by their illegal status in the country they choose. In accordance with Rhodes et al. (2015), certain challenges are posed by local immigration enforcement policies on immigrants well-being. In particular, the authors of the article state laws and policies aimed at regulating and controlling the illegal immigrant populations limit illegal immigrants opportunities to use public services, such as education health services. For instance, Hispanic/Latino mothers receive inadequate care compared to other non-Hispanic mothers. Also, children of illegal immigrants face challenges posed on their mental health. Specifically, children whose parents were deported tend to suffer mentally unlike those whose parents had not been deported from the country (Allan, Cisneros and Tellez,

Close examination using market segmentation vo 1 Essay

Close examination using market segmentation vo 1 - Essay Example It thus allows ease of obtaining accurate information regarding library collections. Futterman (2008) notes that market segmentation is used to identify the library’s customers with regard to their characteristics. In this case, market segmentation refers to the grouping of potential customers into different segments based on common characteristics such as gender, age, income, geography or other attributes that relate to buying or consumption behavior. Futterman (2008) notes that the libraries mostly serve market segment of customers who are underserved. Most of these customers exhibit the following characteristics: firstly, they stay closer to the library, earn modest income, composed of diverse range of household types, life stages and age (Futterman, 2008). These include Green Acres (blue-collar baby boomers who earn middle income), Hometown (those within the house), Rustbelt Traditions, Exurbanites (with median home value of $235,000 and household income of over $80,000), Comfortable (settled married couples without children or adult children), Midlife Ju nction and Cozy. This segment is mainly composed of high patron penetration as was discovered by TSCPL library. The other market of the library is that composed of young people and those detained in juvenile. With the current advancement in technology and globalization, a number of potential competitive forces affect viability of libraries. For instance, consumerization of online information retrieval technology is seen as a major competitive force for libraries. This is because nowadays people can afford internet services at their doorsteps. This can be accessed via mobile phones, laptops, ipads, ipods and the like (Futterman, 2008). In cultural context, Futterman (2008) argue that the library should be able to provide services to diverse cultures in the

Can the World Still Feed Itself Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Can the World Still Feed Itself - Assignment Example those comprised in Europe, regarding enhancing agricultural production for the purpose to augmenting energy sources would eventually take its toll in terms of providing an imbalance in food supply. Likewise, there was also reference to preferences for organic food, abhorrence to GMOs, and relentless indifference to potentially endangering water sources to oblivion. At the onset, one could initially be swayed by the assertions of Brabeck-Letmathe given his credentials and authoritativeness on the subject matter. In the capacity of Nestle’s chairman, he should have the competencies to be holistically equipped with relevant information, updates, and future trends pertaining to food production, the global organization’s thrust, he apparently leads. As such, through the same capacity, he could likewise possess latent bias, in terms of opposing the use of these nations’ alleged pursuance of increasing agricultural production for the objective of augmenting energy sources, instead of being ultimately serving the food needs of the global population. By diverting the purpose, most of the agricultural harvests would be earmarked for energy sources, rather than being considered inputs for his global organization. His fear of apparent raises in food prices should not therefore stem from overabundance in agricultural production, which should supposedly drive the prices down and not up. Likewise, there could be a tinge of ironic tone as exemplified in his arguments that other food alternatives (organic food and GMOs) seem to further imply cuts from the market shares of Nestle, in general, as the food giant in manufacturing, processing, canning, preserving and stocking supermarket shelves. In this regard, one deduces that although there could be points that could be considered valid; such as the continued increase in food prices; but the factors contributory to these increases are varied and not limited to the supposedly diversion to produce biofuel. One has had the

Online Retailer of Diamond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Retailer of Diamond - Essay Example Strengths. The company's strengths or the sources of its competitive advantages include its brand strategy which is grounded on competitive pricing as well as its promise on excellent customer shopping experience. This promise of competitive pricing is grounded in the company's lean operations and supply chain efficiency, which is also included in the company's sources of competitive advantages. Blue Niles strong ties and protective agreements with a variety of suppliers is also one of its strengths, which makes its supply chain efficiency less dependent on certain huge suppliers. The company's logistics system, more specifically its information technology infrastructure is a huge source of strength that enables the company to keep its promise of superior customer shopping experience through helpful information, support and excellent customer service constantly delivered. With regard to financial management, the company long positive cash float is another competitive advantage. This enables the company to reinvest the cash for some revenue-generating activities such as marketing communications without incurring problems with liquidity when the time to pay its suppliers to come. Weaknesses. The company major weakness is its business model, of being an e-commerce company. Although a lot of people have been increasingly starting to shop diamonds over the Internet, the huge portion of the jewelry market is captured by huge brick-and-mortar companies, with several stores all over the country. Among the larger segment of the market, they have more exposure when it comes to brand recognition. Opportunities. There are plenty of opportunities available to the Blue Nile. For one, the market for jewelry locally has been growing. While online jewelry retail serves one segment of the total jewelry market, growth in this segment comes from converting customers who prefer to shop in traditional brick-and-mortar jewelers to buying online.

Central Banks and Monetary Policy Essay Example for Free

Central Banks and Monetary Policy Essay In order to fully understand the nature of monetary policy, there is a need to define the function of money. According to economists, the general functions of money are as follows: 1) measure of goods and services, 2) standard of value, 3) medium of exchange, 4) storage of wealth, and 5) speculative function (related to contingency). In a very simple economy, efficiency can be achieved through general exchanges of goods and services. Every family unit or community specializes in the production of one commodity. Goods are exchanged through what economists call ‘barter system. ’ As the community grows, transactions within the simple economy become more and more complicated. There is a need to utilize a new medium of exchange. Money, whatever its earliest forms were, serves as the new medium of exchange, reducing bulkiness and inefficiency in the economy. At some point in time, the quantity of money circulating in this economy increases. This leads to rising price levels of goods and services. As the quantity of money circulating in an economy increases, price levels of goods and services also increase (inflation). The institution tasked to maintain the monetary health of an economy is the central bank. The main functions of central banks are as follows: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To regulate price levels in an economy by increasing or decreasing the supply of money circulating in an economy; 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide a manageable amount of credit in an economy (serves as a stimulus to increased investments); 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To regulate or control exchange rates (in countries where currencies are on a non-floating status); 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To determine equilibrium interest rates (here monetary policy is directly related to fiscal policy, or more accurately interest rates nominally determine consumption levels, supply of money, and investment levels); 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide financial/monetary information to businesses and households (central banks report on the general status/health of an economy). The main function of central bank can be summed up as follows: if the general price levels in an economy increases, central banks decreases money supply; if the price levels decreases, central banks increases the supply of money (secondary money markets). Interest rates are also adjusted based on investment, consumption, and government expenditure patterns. When central banks sells bonds and securities, the monetary base of an economy contracts. When central banks buy bonds and securities (in capital markets), the monetary base of an economy expands. Through this process of adjustment/readjustment, central banks are able to regulate financial transactions in an economy. In recent years, the US economy experiences relative decrease in overall national output. Fiscal policies are directed to decrease equilibrium interest rate to encourage increased consumption, investment, and government expenditure (increasing output in the long-run). As of the present, the Federal Reserve monetary policy is directed to: 1) increasing the supply of money in the US economy (Federal Funds Rate), and 2) increasing the flow of credit (provide households and businesses with increased volatile funds). According to the recent Federal Reserve Report, there are indications that the US economy continues to contract. Household spending has shown signs of stabilization but gravely constrained by job losses, lower housing wealth, and tight credit. Overall sales and demand for manufactures continue to decline. There are also signs that inflation could persist for a time. To counter these economic difficulties, the Committee of the Federal Reserve will maintain the target range for the fed funds rate at 0 to 25%. To increase the money supply in the US economy (to prevent contraction), the Federal Reserve will buy a total of $1.25 trillion of agency-backed securities. At autumn, the Federal Reserve will purchase about $300 billion of treasury securities as a form of credit collateral. Note that the Federal Reserve is increasing the monetary base of the US economy by purchasing securities and treasuries. What are the general effects of monetary policy on production and employment? Suppose that the economy is in the process of contraction (not to be confused with the monetary base). The central bank has two complimentary options: decreasing the nominal interest rate and increasing the money supply. An increase in both the interest rate and the money supply would increase aggregate demand. This will shift the aggregate demand to the right, indicating a higher national output. On the supply side, this will induce firms to decrease their supply of goods to the market; indicating a leftward shift of the aggregate supply. Depending on the strength of income and substitution effect, the increase in national output via the aggregate demand may be higher or lower than the decrease in output via the supply side. In short, a monetary policy only serves to maintain the stability of an economy.

Memoirs of a Geshia and Andrea Del Sarto Essay Example for Free

Memoirs of a Geshia and Andrea Del Sarto Essay The film adaptation of Memoirs of a Geshia faithfully depict the context in which it was taken. Woman are portaryed strong feminists in todays society. Sayuris blue eyes symbolise the Japanese culture, as the element of water is often associated with adoption and change, as it can be both a relaxing and a desructive force. Sayuris growth from a young servant to one of the most sought after geshia in her district water is a good guard against fire. Sayuri is portrayed as being a worthy protective for the equally formidable element of fire which can be associated with the beautiful but highly dangerous Hutsumomo. Both woman of fire and the girl of water illustrate the dominance and power of women in todays society. as both characters were associated with the element of earth, emphasising the power of women in todays society as they have gained power over time. On the other hand, in Andrea del Sarto, Browning rejects the tendency rejects the tendancy of romantics to project all their desires onto a female object . His dramatic monolouge in the poem is a variation on the theme of men processing women as objects, You beatiful Lucrezia that are mine! reveals the artists desire to assert his male dominance over her female passivity. Browning showcases the role of women during the Victorian era and the time as men only refer to them as objects as they were only desired by men for their perfect eyes perfect mouth over time women have become more powerful as portrayed in Memoirs of a Geshia as the society has recognised and potential of women.

The Influence Of The Media Politics Essay

The Influence Of The Media Politics Essay William Pearson. Voters may not be much influenced by the mass media but politicians certainly are. Discuss. The influence of the media is ever-present in British politics. With the decline of consensus, and rise in valence politics post-1970s, the influence of an overtly partisan press has become more marked, as has its both symbiotic and antagonistic relationship with political parties. The effect of the media on voters is typically examined using three key frameworks; reinforcement theory, agenda setting theory and direct effect theory. In Britain, both voters and politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by the mass media. However, politicians have been the group most affected by the rise in media coverage, to such a great extent that politicians are no longer free to air their honest opinions. This has had a detrimental effect on political discourse in Britain, and thus upon democracy. Furthermore, the British media is largely owned by a select group of individuals-medi a barons, which, when combined with the medias tendency to resist regulation, renders it largely unaccountable. Despite both voters and politicians being affected, the change in the behaviour of politicians and their parties, especially in candidate selection is the most notable difference in modern politics post-New Labour. I will first explain the theories of media influence and address their relevant to the modern British voter, and judge whether they are an accurate representation of media influence. Secondly, I will examine the effect of omnipresent media coverage upon politicians and political parties, and whether it has fundamentally and irrevocably changed politics. Thirdly I will evaluate the influence the new media environment has had upon the British political landscape. Finally, I will note the extent to which the media has the capacity to command political action, and evaluate whether this occurs. In order to assess media influence upon UK voters, it is necessary to understand the academic analysis behind the evaluation of media influence upon voting behaviour. Reinforcement theory suggests that the media has no great effect upon voting preference, and the primary role of the media is to reinforce the pre-existing belief of the reader, and is in part derived from the observation of Selective perception-wherein individuals internally filter out messages or information that conflicts with their political alignment. Furthermore, the theory suggests that the media is not responsible for dictating the national agenda, rather it reacts and changes in line with the perceived mood of the nation. Supporters of this theory suggest that in order for a media outlet to be economically viable it must have a group of readers whose views align with the editorial line, and should this line shift, then the core readership would disperse as would revenue. Therefore it is unlikely that the politi cal alignment of organisations will shift as it would theoretically damage their revenue and influence. The second theory is the agenda setting theory which is inclusive of the reinforcement theory, as it accepts that the media cannot change the way that people think on particular issues  [1]  . However it suggests that the news media is responsible for dictating the important issues of the day. For example, if the right wing press decided to focus their efforts upon presenting law and order as the prevailing issue of the day, the the Conservatives-a party traditionally considered strong in this area, would have the electoral advantage. This is a plausible theory as newspapers have discretion over what they publish, and the amount of coverage granted to each issue. The third theory is that of direct effects, which is considered dated by modern academics. It posits that the media can have a direct, visible and calculable upon voting behaviour. It suggests that many voters can be directed towards certain conclusions by means of selected reporting. Furthermore, it proposes that the press are capable of utilising value laden terminology  [2]  to shape the debate, and distort issues to the advantage of their political allies. This assumption of almost total naivete upon the part of the voter is largely held to be untrue, as there is little data to support the view that people switched parties as a result of reading a paper with a particular partisan bias  [3]  . While this theory has broadly fallen out of fashion, there remain demonstrable moment in which intensive media coverage of an issue has provoked such a public response that it has prompted government action, most notably the Dangerous dogs act 1991, which was rushed through parliamen t in response to press coverage of the pre-existing issue. This ill-conceived legislation was hastily enacted in response to public pressure. All these frameworks have merit, yet none are comprehensive. Due to the diversity of the British populace all of the theories have voters who they correspond to. Strongly aligned voters typically correlate with the conclusions of reinforcement theory, as their views are less prone to drastic changes, and they are likely to consume media which corresponds with the views. However reinforcement theory as a basis for evaluating voting behaviour has declined in merit proportionally to the decline of strong party loyalty in British politics. In contrast, less aligned voters are more inclined to change their views due to media coverage, and the agenda setting theory and direct effects theory pertains to these floating voters, of which there are an increasingly large number post-dealignment. Moreover, the field of explaining media influence on voting behaviour has proven difficult to measure due to a lack of empirical evidence, and the evidence which does exist is widely disputed, in part du e to the rapidly changing nature of the British electorate. One of the primary weaknesses presented by the data attempting to analyse media influence is that it has tended to focus very much on the short term  [4]  at the expense of long-term research. Any analysis of voting, and the medias influence upon it is further weakened by the inherent difficulties in determining cause and effect in voting behaviour. Despite the weaknesses in the above methods, its clear that the influence of the media upon the public, while significant, has been less pronounced than the medias direct influence upon politicians and Britains political climate. The influence of the media upon politicians is profound in modern Britain. The main change which the rise in media influence has engendered is the increasingly importance of candidates being marketable, rather than having significant political credibility. Politicians increasingly find themselves subject to, and evaluated upon opinion polling, which is itself held to be closely associated with media coverage, with positive coverage resulting in an upturn in the opinion polls  [5]  . The nature of the 24 hour news cycle shapes and dictates the political world, and there is increasing pressure upon politicians to be media savvy, and to never say anything which could be misconstrued. This effect has been amplified due to the rise of the internet blog and twitter sphere, in which politicians are analysed and judged on a minute by minute, second by second basis. Politicians are no longer given the opportunity to properly articulate their thought and opinions, due to time pressured and confrontational interviews. The primary consequence of this is that politicians increasingly are forced to rely up sound bites in order to feature on the nightly news, and to gain publicity. Unfortunately, this has led to a situation in which politicians are averse to giving longer, more honest and articulated answers due to the potential weakness these answers pose to their media coverage and thus, public image. Another consequence of the adversarial environmental cultivated by interviewers is that outspoken politicians, who are willing to be open about their views are typically cast as eccentric and unelectable, rather than praised for their honestly. Moreover, the nature of 24-hour news, with its constant need for new headlines and talking points has created a climate in which the executive is highly publicised at the expense of the legislature-as decisive action sells more papers than legislative discussions. Legislative discussions, and reasoned debate and deep analysis of iss ues are often labelled indecisive, or inconclusive, which stifles the proper functioning of the legislature. This further reinforces a system where the executive is almost entirely predominant over the legislature, a situation considered an aberration by most constitutional scholars. The rise of TV leadership debates has created an entirely new paradigm in British politics, with identikit leaders parroting sound bites to a disillusioned public. The 24 hour news cycle has contributed to the growth in the number of career politicians, and especially candidates with media backgrounds. This has led the number of politicians with real world experience declining, and the rise of the political class. The rise of TV debates and 24 hour rolling news has increasingly forced parties to ignore or disown prominent and distinguished members in response to the changing media environment. The most recent and notable example of this was the treatment of Sir Menzies Campbell both internally in the Liberal Democrats, and externally by the media. Widely considered a distinguished politician, with years of loyalty and eminent service to the House of Commons and the Liberal democrats, Menzies Campbell faced significant pressure to resign in part due to his age, and the negative effect this had upon public perception of his competence. Despite accusations of ageism from multiple parties, Campbells position proved untenable due to the supposed electoral weakness which his age represented. His was the notable cases in which the modern media were primarily focused upon irrelevant personal characteristics, rather than judging a politician upon their political views or achievements. The media has also had an effect not only upon individual politicians, but upon politics as a whole. Large media companies such as News Corp have, in recent years, acted as powerful pressure groups, who are exceedingly resistant to regulation or oversight. The Leveson inquiry is an apt example of this, as many media outlets have at times decried its recommendations for more press regulation and have spun the narrative of the inquirys recommendations being contrary to the freedom of the press, even in light of the phone hacking scandal. One of the most damaging results of the 24 hour news cycle, and constant evaluation of governmental performance is that it has encouraged short-termism in government spheres. A policy which doesnt deliver immediate results, but which would be better in the long term is unlikely to be approved, as without immediate results a policy could be spun as a failure by the opposition or the press. This move towards short-termism is another way in which legislat ive discussion, analysis and planning is stifled in favour of bold, decisive decision making, as this portrays the government in a more favourable light, potentially at the expense of the national interest. In summary, I would suggest that the media has fundamentally altered the nature of British politics. It has changed candidate selection, the political and social make-up of the house of commons, governmental behaviour, and with the growth of the internet, blogging and social media, this trend seems unlikely to be averted. While the effect which the media can have upon politicians is profound, the media can also have a significant impact upon legislation, and while it is rare, a media outcry can affect policy. The most notable case in which this has happened is the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. It was enacted in response to sensationalist newspaper reports during 1990/91 which painted the problem of dogs attacking small children as a new and terrifying phenomenon. The resulting media furore led to the governmental pushing ill-conceived legislation through the house. The absurdity of the act in its initial form was highlighted when a dog named Woofie was almost put down for barking at a postman. The act has since been modified on multiple occasions, and is typically held to be a classic example of the medias potential power over government, and the potential problems which can ensue. In conclusion, media influence on voter behaviour is highly variable, and all three theories have merits and weaknesses, with Reinforcement theory and the Agenda setting theory being the most relevant to modern Britain, while empirical data is limited and inconclusive, however, it is certain that the media has less direct influence upon voters than it does upon politicians. The changing nature of the British media has led to politicians being so constricted in their media appearances that it has negatively affected British politics, and those politicians who dare to express themselves are castigated and marginalised. The prominence of 24 hour news, and the rise of TV debates had led to the rise of a new political class primarily comprised of career politicians, or those who have transitioned from politics directly from media-linked jobs, due to their ability to manipulate the media rather than their political beliefs, their character or significant contributions to their party or the nation. The rise of social media has further contributed to the Age of Contempt and the short-termism which it has engendered. While the media has an effect upon voters, it has been far less pronounced than upon politicians. The rise of this new media climate has had a broadly negative effect upon political life. This is exacerbated by the unaccountability of media barons, and their ability to act as self-interested pressure groups to resist regulation. While the age of contempt is preferable to a time of excessive deference, the political culture is has created may be just as damaging in the long term.

The Times They Are A-Changin by Bob Dylan Essay -- essays research pa

Bob Dylan's, ';The Times They Are A-Changin'; is an anthem for the oppressed, down-trodden young people, while warning that oppressors and abusers will be victims of their own actions. In the beginning of the poem, Dylan speaks to everyone and talks of the change coming from young people who feel that laws from the government and mom and dad's rules are smothering. He emphasizes 'everyone'; by using water to help the reader visualize how complete the wave of change will surround people. He then uses the water in a sink or swim analogy illustrating the direness of the situation. Throughout the poem, he shows the extent and gives examples of who will be affected. Although he draws class lines and social standings, the opportunity to change along with the times is always present. Dylan points specifically to 'senators, congressmen,'; ';mothers and fathers,'; because they have the most influence on America's youth. Dylan calls on the American government to 'Please heed the call' which shows that in the beginning, respect and persuasion will be used. The next two lines begin 'Don't'; which indicates a stronger will and mind set. 'For he that gets hurt/Will be he who is stalled,'; illustrates that if there is resistance to young people's ideas against the war in Vietnam, the idea of free love and the distaste for accepted social structures, that peace may not be an option. Dylan goes as far as to say 'There's a battle outside/And its ragin/it'll soon shake your windows/and ra...

Social Networkings Influence on Eating Disorders Essay -- Facebook, T

As many as 10 million woman and girls suffer from anorexia or bulimia in the United States (Steele). Anorexia and bulimia are very serious eating disorders. Many women and young girls feel that these disorders are the only way for them to be accepted by others. However the strive for acceptance only ends up causing pain, emotional harm, or death to those affected. Being a sufferer of anorexia, I know the emotional and physical damage this disease can cause. The root cause of having an eating disorder is still undetermined, yet some doctors and physiologist believe the new focus on a perfect body, shown by the media is to blame. Society’s portrayal and promotion of a thin body image as the ideal female body contributes to eating disorders and poor self-esteem in many woman and young girls. Eating disorders are a group of illnesses characterized by abnormal eating habits. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) classifies eating disorders into three categories: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified, such as binge eating. The history behind these controversial diseases start as far back as 1689 when an English physician, Richard Morton gave the first medical description of anorexia nervosa, which he called "nervous consumption", he said was caused by sadness and anxious cares (Eating Disorders Timeline). The more recent fascination of eating disorders came to light when model Twiggy arrived in the U.S. Her short-haired, super-thin, look altered the fashion industry and shed light on a new feminine body image based on extreme thinness. Twiggy also introduced the â€Å"model† body image known today (Eating Disorders Timeline). In 1994 a study published in the Journal of Adolescen... ...anice. "Old Problem, New Victims." Winston-Salem Journal (Winston-Salem, NC). 26 May 2009: n.p. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011. Ogilvie, Megan. "How Biology Trumps Image As Cause of Anorexia 'I Became Obsessive..." Toronto Star (Toronto, Canada). 13 Apr 2008: SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011. Onstad, Katrina. "Thin Is Inviolate." Globe and Mail. 20 Nov 2010: L.15. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011. Siegel, Judy. "Link Found Between Heavy Use of Facebook and Eating Disorders..." Jerusalem Post (International). 01 Feb 2011: 6. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011. Schwarz, Fred. "Not Our Stars But Ourselves." National Review Vol. 61, No. 3. 23 Feb 2009: 22-24. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011. Topping, Alexandra. "Kate Moss Fallout: 'Pro-Anorexic' Community Finds Comfort..." The Guardian (London, England). 21 Nov 2009: 11. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.

Health Care Challenges Memo Essay

There are many challenges that happen within the health care field. The most important is protecting the patient’s personal information and who is able to access this information. The National Health Information Network (NHIN) was formed to help improve upon the sharing of health care data. This was to help link data together for all involved to keep data secure when transferring over the internet. Within a health care organization a Hierarchy information system is used. This offers ease of network expansion and alteration for desktops used to be able to access necessary data. Both local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) are used in within the organization. Two or more LANs are connected by a hub. The LAN is connected from different areas to form an internetwork. Within the health care field it is important that protected health information (PHI) is kept protected. There are measures that need to be taken to ensure that there are no unauthorized usages of this typ e of information. The HIPAA standards must be followed at all times whether it is administrative or patient care departments. Physical safeguards are in place to protect the hardware and facilities that store PHI. The facility that houses the health IT is housed has limited physical access to authorized personal only. There are restrictions on workstations to have access with PHI. The health IT system has safeguards built in to protect health information and to be able to control of access to it. Measures are set to limit access of information. Steps are taken to encrypt, and decrypt information being transmitted electronically to guard against unauthorized access of the information. In order for the organization to have control over who access the information steps need to be taken to protect patient data from being stolen. To do this users have a unique user identification protocols, automatic logoff, emergency access steps, and encryption and decryption mechanisms. Audit  controls need to be used to check activity of the IT system. Authentication of the entity or person that is attempting to access the information is a must to do. Transmission security of PHI that is being transmitted through the network needs to be protected. References Health Information: Management of a Strategic Resource (4th Ed.) (Abdelhak, Grostick, & Hanken) How Do I Ensure Security in Our System? (n.d). Retrieved from www.hrsa.gov/healthit/toolbox/HIVAIDSCAREtoolbox/SecurityAnd†¦

Adr in an Era of Globalisation: an Indian Perspective

In a country with a population in excess of a billion, and plagued by an underfunded court structure full of corrupt and ineffecient officers, we are looking at decades of stagnation, a backlog of cases in excess of 29 million, across the state-level courts, the twenty-one high courts and the supreme court. According to Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems, Indians shelled out an estimated $600 billion as bribes to the judiciary, which is higher than the bribes paid out in any other sector in the court. This long gestation period of litigation has resulted in a large scale loss of confidence in the judiciary, with a growing number of people opting to stay away from court. Enter alternate dispute resolution. It is this plethora of people who are prime targets of an alternate dispute mechanism. The prime time solution to the snail's pace discharge of cases. The main selling point of arbitration is the speedy and cheap resolution of disputes outside of a courtroom. While arbitration is a product of a private agreement, once an arbitration award is rendered, the prevailing party can seek to have that award confirmed by the courts, and, having done so, can invoke the coercive power of the state to enforce it in the same manner as it could a court judgment. Initially received with skepticism by the courts in various countries, arbitration is now being embraced as an effective form of alternate dispute resolution. As a result of the burgeoning international trade and an explosion in the foreign direct investment numbers in the country, arbitration and other forms of alternate dispute resolution are becoming more and more indispensable. One of the major problems with foreign litigation is that foreign judgments are subject to several layers of appellate review, whereas, foreign awards are much easier to enforce in different sovereign states. Arbitration is particularly successful in fields like construction, where a certain amount of expertise is required while resolving disputes, of which there is paucity in the courts. Arbitrators are chosen from the same industry, and are generally required to resolve disputes based on fact rather than legal issues. Most companies prefer such a business approach to resolution of disputes, rather than a legal approach. Arbitration in India was first governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1940, which was later replace by the 1996 Act. The 1996 Act was designed primarily to implement the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and create a pro-arbitration legal regime in India. This Act was largely aimed at subduing the loopholes which allowed for excessive judicial intervention in the 1940 Act. Some of the features of judicial review The words in Section 30 of the 1940 Act read â€Å"shall not be set aside† took away the jurisdiction of the courts to set aside an award except on one or more of the grounds specified in the section. Amended in 1996, however, the section re-numbered section 34 reads â€Å"An award may be set aside only if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hence, the court has no jurisdiction to set aside an award on any other grounds. This amendment was brought with an intention to reduce the scope of judicial review to allow for a minimum level of court intervention. In R. S. Avtar Singh & Co. v. N. P. C. C. Ltd. , the court commented on the nature and extent of the court’s jurisdiction: It is a well settled principle of law that the award of the arbitrator who is a chosen judge of facts and of law between the parties cannot be set aside unless an error is apparent on the face of the award or it can be inferred from the award that the arbitrator has misconducted himself or the proceedings or that he has not applied his mind to the material facts. Hence, the court is not sitting in appeal on the award, nor can it re-examine the material which was adduced before the arbitrator. The court cannot examine the correctness of the award on merits nor it is obligatory for the arbitrator to give detailed reasons. Unless the court comes to the conclusion that the award is preposterous, it cannot set aside nor substitute its own decision in place of the arbitrator. In short, the arbitrator is the final judge of facts and law, and the arbitral award is not open to challenge on the ground that the arbitrator has reached a wrong conclusion or failed to appreciate the facts. Section 31 (3) of the new Act of 1996 states that an arbitral award shall state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed otherwise, or the award is agreed on the terms enumerated under Section 30. This was reiterated by the court in the case of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board v. Bridge Tunnel Construction Co.. The rationale behind this order of the court is to ensure that the arbitrator acts capriciously, and to give the parties assurance that the grounds for the course of action chosen by him and reasonable and just. At the same time, however, to ensure the finality of the award, reasonable of reasons given by an arbitrator cannot be challenged on merits. Why judicial review? The main purpose of arbitrator’s is to try to decide disputes correctly on the basis of the applicable law, and subsequently, explain the rationale for their decision. The need for a provision for judicial review in the field of arbitration is born out of the state’s concern to maintain the integrity of the arbitral process, and maintain a balance between party autonomy and the laws of the land. Judicial review is primarily intended to guard against arbitrariness of awards, and to ensure that the law of the land is followed within the state’s jurisdiction. No doubt judicial intervention is a requisite in the field of arbitration which lacks a certain decisional law in the matter. However, the issue to be addressed is to what extent, and an attempt is to be made to define the scope of this judicial intervention. To what extent can court’s come forward and substitute their judgment for the arbitral award? Parties who are dissatisfied with arbitration awards often call upon the courts for review. Procedurally, review is sought in an action to modify the award or set it aside; by way of defense, in a proceeding brought to enforce the arbitrator's decision; or, by way of replication, in an action where the dissatisfied party has sued on his original claim and the satisfied party has pleaded the award. One of the major problems with the 1996 Act, is that a person aggrieved by an arbitral award has to start right from the District court in order to hallenge an award. Additionally, in two recent Supreme Court decisions, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation v. SAW Pipes and SBP v. Patel Engineering, the scope of judicial review has been widened by interpreting anything contrary to â€Å"public policy† as being â€Å"patently illegal†, and since any award which contravenes Indian statutory provisions is patently illegal, it is also contrary to public policy, and hence, subject to the j udicial review of courts. Generally speaking, arbitral awards are not subject to appeal. However, in most countries, including India, there are provisions to set aside an award in extreme cases. Judicial review of foreign arbitral awards generally falls into two categories. First, the reviewing court inquires whether requirements of natural justice were observed in the arbitration proceeding and whether the arbitration agreement is valid under the applicable law. Failing so, the arbitral award will be denied recognition or enforcement on the grounds that the fundamental requirements of natural justice or legality have not been met. Subsequently, the court inquires into the merits of the award, that is, whether the arbitral body has committed an error in rendering the award. The question of judicial review, however, is a two-headed coin. On the one hand, limiting the scope of judicial review reaffirms the roots of arbitration, that is efficient and speedy resolution of disputes. Conversely, however, widening the scope of judicial review defeats the very concept of finality of an arbitral award, and hence, moving back to square one of the legal court system. Why not? The way in which the proceedings under the Act are conducted and without an exception challenged in courts has made lawyers laugh and legal philosophers weep. Experience shows and law reports bear testimony that the proceedings under the Act have become highly technical accompanied by unending prolixity at every stage providing a legal trap to the unwary. An informal forum chosen by the parties for expeditious disposal of their disputes has by the decisions of the courts been clothed with â€Å"Legalese† of unforeseen omplexity. To the critics of judicial review of arbitral proceedings, the likelihood and to an extent, inevitability of judicial review serves as a serious deterrent to individuals and companies seeking arbitration as a solution to commercial disputes. A certain school of thought views arbitration as a mere dress rehearsal for subsequent litigation, and disregards judicial review as a mere interference to the finality of the arbitral award. India is a co untry growing in leaps and bounds, with the coming of globalization. Being a country looking to attract more foreign investment, developing a fool-proof, cost-efficient and speedy legal system is vital. When a foreign company explores the prospects of investing in India, they factor in the possible legal costs, and the opportunity to settle disputes through arbitration quickly and cheaply is an attractive selling point. However, with increasing judicial intervention, and the inevitability of ending up in court, hassle-free dispute resolution is no longer a pro on their list of pro’s and con’s. Hence, the 1996 Act was passed with the objective to minimize the supervisory role of the courts in the arbitral process. The very epitome of minimal judicial intervention is contained in Section 5 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which reads: â€Å"Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no judicial authority is to intervene except as provided in the Act† Section 34 of the Act imposes certain restrictions on the right of the court to set aside an arbitral award, and the limited grounds on which the award can be challenged have been enumerated. The five grounds upon which an award can be set aside as per Section 34 (2) (a) are: -Incapacity of parties -Non-existence or invalidity of arbitration agreement -Exceeding jurisdiction -Non-compliance of due process -Composition of arbitral tribunal As per Section 34 (2) (b), an arbitral award may also be set aside by the court on it’s own initiative if the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable or the impugned award is in conflict with the public policy of India. Public policy, however, has not been defined anywhere in the Act. Borrowing the definition of public policy from Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872: â€Å"The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless – it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law; or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another; or the court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. † The court, over the years, has subscribed to varying conceptions of public policy, swinging between the narrow view and the broader view. In Gherulal Parakh v. Mahadeodas Maiya, the court favoured the narrower view, and commented that: â€Å"†¦though the heads are not closed and though theoretically it may be permissible to evolve a new head under exceptional circumstances of a changing world, it is admissible in the interest of stability of society not to make any attempt to discover new heads in these days. † With respect to public policy in the field of arbitration, the court held in Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co. , that in order to attract the bar of public policy the enforcement of the award must invoke something more than the violation of the law of India. It was held that the enforcement of a foreign award would be refused on the ground that it is contrary to public policy if such enforcement would be contrary to: -Fundamental policy of Indian law -The interest of India -Justice or morality The court in recent times, however, has subscribed to the broader view of public policy, choosing to widen the scope of judicial review. A landmark judgment in this respect is Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. v. SAW Pipes Ltd.. The crux of the case was that the arbitral tribunal had failed to take into account Section 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The major issue, however, that it dealt with was whether the Court would have jurisdiction under Section 34 of the 1996 Act to set aside an award passed by the Arbitral Tribunal which is patently illegal or in contravention of the provisions of the Act, or any substantive law governing the parties, or is against the terms of the contract. The judgment of the court in this case, not only negated the purpose of the 1996 Act, but also widened the scope of judicial review beyond the realms provided for in the 1940 Act as well. It was held that an award is opposed to â€Å"public policy† under the same heads laid down in Renusagar Power, but also if it is: -Patently illegal -So unfair and unreasonable that it shocks the conscience of the court Another important judgment of the Supreme Court in 2005 was SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering, which sanctioned further intervention in the judicial process. The case dealt with the appointment of an arbitrator by the Chief Justice, and the contention was that the Chief Justice could adjudicate on contentious preliminary issues such as the existence of a valid arbitration agreement. The court agreed, while holding that the Chief Justice’s findings would be final and binding on the arbitration tribunal. This judgment makes a mockery of the principle of Kompetenz Kompetenz, which is the power of an arbitral tribunal to determine its own jurisdiction, enshrined in Section 16 of the 1996 Act. This opens up a Pandora’s box of opportunity for parties to sabotage the appointment process of arbitrators and make spurious arguments simply to delay the arbitration proceedings. Looking Ahead It is easy to forget the purpose of arbitration and get carried away with the nuances of the law. Therefore, in an attempt to move forward, it is important to incorporate the very aspect of finality and amicable resolution in the contract itself. Of course the most apparent solution at the face of it is to close all doors to review of the award by incorporating a clause for the same in the contract. However, this can only be done at the risk of receiving an award not in line with the principles of natural justice. On the legislature’s part, the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003, currently pending before the Parliament, proposes to introduce a new section 34A, which would allow an award to be set aside â€Å"where there is an error apparent on the face of the arbitration award giving rise to a substantial question of law†. This narrows the scope for review laid down by the SAW Pipes ruling, but it still affords losing parties an opportunity to approach courts in an attempt to second – guess arbitral tribunals, very similar to the position during the applicability of the 1940 Act. An interesting avenue to be explored in the future, particularly in the case of contracts involving large sums of money, is a system of contemporary and concurrent dispute resolution, involving the establishment of Dispute Review Boards (DRBs). This system has been adopted by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Maharashtra Sewerage Board and Delhi Metro in recent times. A Dispute Review Board basically consists of three experienced, respected and impartial reviewers. It is constituted before the commencement of the contract, and regular inspections are carried out to ensure smooth functioning of the contract and ensure good working conditions. This serves to familiarize the reviewers with the job process and the basic environment as well, so that in case a dispute arises, a well-informed decision can be made. In such a case, a hearing is convened where the reviewer’s hear arguments of both sides and after deliberation submit a non-binding recommendation to the contractors.

Louis Vuitton Introduction

LVMH Company Overview Louis Vuitton, a French fashion house, is now a brand of the LVMH group. It was first set up in 1854 by a young trunk-maker named Louis Vuitton. He started out by designing and manufacturing innovative stackable trunks. Products were sold through a company-owned sales outlet located in Paris. Then, in 1876, the company introduced luxury trunks with detachable frames. This is the first and initial success of Louis Vuitton, which enabled the firm to set up a new store in London in 1885.Sales kept increasing and the company was gaining more and more in popularity and reputation of a luxury brand. In 1987, Louis Vuitton – Moet Hennessy, better known as LMVH was formed, as a French multinational luxury goods  conglomerate, headquartered in  Paris. LVMH rapidly expanded to become the world leader in luxury goods. Bernard Arnault, the CEO of the company, took less than 12 years to build up LVMH through the acquisition of numerous luxury brands, expansion int o retailing and an aggressive globalization strategy.LVMH was named after the first two companies that were merged in 1987 to create the company: the luggage and leather-goods maker Louis Vuitton and the Champagne and Cognac producer Moet-Hennessy. In subsequent years, many more famous luxury goods producers were taken over and added to the conglomerate’s brand portfolio. In 2005, LVMH owned over 50 well-known brands operating in five main sectors: Wines & Spirits (which accounted for 19% of sales), Fashion & Leather goods (35% of sales), Perfumes & Cosmetics (16% of sales), Watches & Jewellery (4% of sales) and Selective Retailing (26% of sales).The mission of the LVMH group is to represent the most refined qualities of Western â€Å"Art de Vivre† around the world. LVMH must continue to be synonymous with both elegance and creativity. The products, and the cultural values they embody, blend tradition and innovation, and kindle dream and fantasy. In view of this missio n, five priorities reflect the fundamental values shared by all Group stakeholders: * Be creative and innovate * Aim for product excellence * Bolster the image of our brands with passionate determination * Act as entrepreneurs Strive to be the best in all we do However, Louis Vuitton brand has been facing many issues, especially in their logistic and supply chain management. In spite of the rapid increase of demand, Louis Vuitton doesn’t manage to respond appropriately to the growing demand. The question is the probability of default in the products. Thus, products must be resent to the warehouse and so on. It leads to a waste of time and money and an appropriate management of the logistics and supply chain.Louis Vuitton also faces different and many issues such as the lack of numbers of warehouse, the distance which separate it from the stores, the problem of inventory and so on†¦ What we are going to discuss in this report is to find out from where are these issues com ing from? Does Louis Vuitton have enough flexibility and responsiveness from the supply chain management of the firm? Is the firm developing too many new products while no customers are ready to buy them?

A Study in Adaptation Essay

Among the monographs found in the Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project is that of the work of Walter Goldschmit, entitled â€Å"The Sebei: A Study in Adaptiona. † It is among the ethnographic studies conducted to shed light on a particular community, which is that of Sebei. The project previously mentioned to which the monograph belongs is that of the University of California in Los Angeles which also carries the research design that was followed by the entire project (Mead 938). It has become important to evaluate this study because of the important role it plays in the field of ethnography and in the lives of the Sebei people. This paper will include the synopsis, a critique of the book, and the relationship with the materials and discussions found in the class. Synopsis of the Book The book primarily focuses on the people of Sebei, the socio-economic modes followed by the people there, and the adaptations which has happened throughout the existence of the community. People from Sebei speak Nilotic and have a connection with the Nandi and Kipsigis (MacGaffey 110). These people lives in the southeastern portion of Uganda and the elements of this community which has been discussed include the â€Å"history, environment, policy, social organization, animal husbandry, agriculture, a cash economy, sexual roles and marriage, child rearing, initiation, and the Sebei belief system† (Beidelman 542). The wide variety of the factors that have been covered in the study has been instrumental to the focus of the book, which is that of the ways of living of the people and how they have economically survived the environment they lived in. There are two environments which have been considered in the book to show the adaptive processes of the community under study. One is the area which is well-watered and is situated in the slopes of the mountains and the second is in the dry lands of the plains. With the conditions found in the said communities, there are also adaptive measures which have been taken by the people in terms of the production of their food and ways of living. One community concentrated on the hunting and gathering means of production because of the factors in the environment which makes this the most acceptable form of gathering food and sustaining the needs of the community. On the other hand, it is agriculture which has become the primary mode of economic production followed because of the availability of fertile soil that could be used for crops. Moreover, access to water is available that makes this a better option for the people. More so, it is seen to be the most effective in consideration of the available resources and conditions for the people. Economics-wise, this is the best methods for the respective communities discussed. Through time, it has been proven that Sebei people have the capability to adapt easily to changes in their environment and new situations which they are placed in (Mead 938). It has been shown in the book that the people have been able to be in contact with the Europeans when this group has been in a point where they are trying to adapt with the demands brought about by intra-African connections. The flexibility in adapting to such cultures has been carried out by the group by following the previous methods which have been used before by the group. It has been proven to be an effective pattern for the people since their first interaction with other cultures. Critique of the Book This particular book can be considered as one of the best monographs that have been written of an Ugandan community because of its succinctness and thoroughness. The ability of the author to present facts and data near what is real is considered to be a vital element of the author’s work. The author’s ability to record and research the past of the community has been helpful. The author, himself, has done quite an extensive job in proving the authenticity of his claims where there are primary evidences, such as photos, that has been shown together with the narratives provided. In writing a book, the ability of the author to provide evidences, especially in the field of ethnography, is considered to be vital in establishing the credibility and authenticity of the monograph. In a sense, this adds to the ability of the monograph to convince its readers that what is being said and shown in the account is true. Moreover, the book has shown one community but the picture that has been drawn and what has been learned over the discussions made of the particular community studied can be used in order to understand the African perspective. More so, the means of adoption that has been studied can be taken to a larger picture where it is also seen to exist in other areas and in different times. It has been found that the general perspective that can be used in order to interpret that of the Sebei culture is that â€Å"the maladies of the social system seem to outweigh their strengths† (Goldschmidt 338). With this particular statement, the author is then able to show that he has been able to observe the communities with a keen eye and relate it to the rest of the elements in the environment that surround the community. The author does not simply focus on what can be found within the community but also observes how it relates to the different links formed. More so, there is judgment that is found for these relationships from where a strong conclusion can be made. This monograph serves as a very good reading material for the members of the academic institutions and the epistemic communities from a wide variety of fields. Where field observations and thorough data collection has been done, there is the worthiness of examining the material and using it as a foundation of different researches. More so, an understanding of the different elements of the community can be easily derived through a reading of this material because of the substantial data that can be found here. This is not only for the purpose of studying communities but can also be taken by people from different fields such as psychology, economics, policy-making, sociology, and others in order to make researches and decisions. Relation to Class Materials and Discussions Understanding the book has been made easier because of the foundation laid by the class discussions and materials. The concepts that have been clarified in relation to culture, communities, and globalization has become an integral part of understanding how and why the Sebei communities had to adjust to the changing setting of the world and the communities which belong to it. It is difficult for a reader to understand the complex parts of the monograph if one would not take into consideration the aspects which relate the community to the changes in its surroundings. If the reader would not have the respective concepts and ideas, he/she might be limited to understanding the community in isolation and forget to relate it to the world outside the said community. There are factors which might be missed by the reader in understanding the community, in this case, and forget about the other forces that could change communities. Works Cited Goldschmidt, Walter. Culture and behavior of the Sebei: A study in Continuity and Adaptation. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California, 1976. MacGaffey, Wyatt. â€Å"Review. † ASA Review of Books 4 (1978): 110-111. Mead, Margaret. â€Å"Review. † American Anthropologists 79. 4 (1977): 938-939.

Businesses Operating in Market Conditions Samples for Students.

Businesses operating in market conditions can have positive or negative results. The reason for failure can be the assertion of short-term goals to the detriment of long-term, emphasizing short-term performance and profit, regardless of market development, meaning thereby the non-existence of a marketing plan. A quality marketing plan is a basic prerequisite for efficient marketing, ensuring the integration of all marketing activities and assisting in the creation of favorable conditions for succeeding in the marketplace. The need for effective planning in services has long been clear. In 1975 Chisnall pointed to the growth of the services sector and emphasized that it is necessary to devote greater attention to measuring inputs and outputs, as well as an evaluation of the efficiency of resources. He underlined the significance of certain marketing methods for improving the firm, as well as marketing research, strategic planning, and marketing management. At the same time, he mention ed that in services and unwillingness to develop or constructive and market-oriented approach towards a marketing plan is common. The marketing plan is the component of the business plan. The yearly plan concerns marketing objectives and strategies for a product, product range, development of the bank for one year, while the long-term marketing plan concerns a period of two to five years. The creation of the marketing plan is understated as a strategic process, where this is based on information and activities. The result is the marketing plan, which is realized and monitored in connection with the results achieved Identifying your competitors: The first step in conducting a competitor analysis is to identify your competitors. Begin this process by considering the range of competition in your market-space because not all competition is the same, there are different types of competitors your organization will face. Finding your competitors: Who are your competitors? How do you find them? Not only are there advanced search tools available to assist you in finding competitors, but their motivation to have a high profile on the Internet makes it impossible for competitors to hide from your searching efforts. So, the most logical and best place to start looking for as each competitor is identified, visit their Web site and form some initial impressions about how much of a major competitor they are. Your focus here is on same or similar target markets, products, and value propositions; don't let a flashy Web site convince you that this is a major competitor when the value proposition is all wrong. Cr eating a competitor analysis grid (or use the one provided above): With a list of competitors in hand, the next step is to conduct a methodical analysis of their strengths and weaknesses. Step one — identify why a customer would want to buy your product/service. Step Two: segment your overall market. Places are increasingly at risk - as a result of the change in the global economic, political and technological environment. Places are increasingly at risk - as a result of the inevitable process of urban evolution and decay. Places are facing a growing number of competitors in their efforts to attract scarce resources. Places have to rely increasingly on their own local resources to face growing competition. A major factor in determining the profitability of any product is establishing a base price. There are three methods of setting a product’s base price: This approach is common to new businesses, especially if their founder is rather inexperienced in marketing analysis, and/or has a strong passion – even an obsession – about providing a certain product or service. He bases his belief almost entirely on his or her own perception, even though there is sometimes no verified evidence of a market for the product or service. In this approach, the founder of the product or service: When you do your promotion planning (as part of your strategic planning) - the basic questions to ask are: Who do we want to communicate with? Why do we want to communicate with them? What do we want to communicate with them about? What is the best way to communicate with them? How much will this strategy cost? What is our budget for this? How will we know if we have been successful? In order to assess where the bank is at present, detailed information concerning both the past state, as well as present state is necessary. Costs, revenues and profits achieved are analyzed over time for the longer-term period. It is best to compare the development of our own bank with the most influential competitor. It is also suitable to analyze the development of comparable products with those of the competition. An analysis of the results achieved is performed for the bank as a whole, or also according to individual market segments (for example by age group). A detailed analysis of the results achieved helps in setting realistic marketing objectives, which represents the second stage of planning. Further information is necessary for elaborating marketing implementation so that it is possible to adopt corrective measures in the control phase (Veresovà ¡, 2002). Peter Drucker identified the following fields for objectives setting: Marketing objectives usually have the form of expected results in specific market segments and also for the market as a whole. According to McDonald, they cover these fields volume of sales, market share, profit, customer objectives and marketing expenses (Selecting target market, 2017). Banks must consider how they will manage individual productivity for achieving their objectives. It is necessary to ensure balance in the growth of earnings, the cash flow, and the risk. With a growth or decline in the range of services and with a change in the market the overall nature of the business portfolio changes. Various portfolio models serve for solving this question, and which have the form of matrices and depict the external and internal business environment. For an estimate of the attractiveness for individual strategic units, we can use5 the growth share or matrix created by the Boston Consulting Group, which gives precedence to the flow of incomes over other criteria. Among the most known multi-factor models are also the portfolio matrices of the firm McKinsey and Shell, often known as the matrices of market attractiveness and business strengths. Another model is the General Electric model, which works with the factors market attractiveness and the competitive position of the bank. In this model, the attractiveness of the market influences the size and speed of market growth, competitive behavior, gross profit achieved and sensitivity to economic fluctuations (Lynn, 2011). The competitive position of the firm is expressed by the share of the bank in their overall market, customer loyalty, and the nature of the distribution system and the level of expenses. An evaluation of the portfolio helps managers to set objectives and strategy which are in accordance with the possibilities and abilities of the business. These approaches, however, have their limitations. One of their greatest weaknesses is the difficulty of defining other boundaries of the business activities and the general assumption that the market share always has a positive correlation with the return on investments - thereby ignoring the fact that also small business subjects operating in a gap in the market can achieve high a rate of return on investments. Portfolio models are of great benefit for planning for the marketing strategy, though only where all risks are known (Metaxas, 2005). The aim of marketing programs is to ensure that the practical realization of the marketing strategies adopted. This includes a delegation of rights and responsibilities of individual employees, as well as the distribution of available financial resources. Marketing programs, like marketing objectives and strategies, should fulfill certain requirements. Each program must clearly define the resources, as well as the time schedule. Before actually realizing a program it is necessary to set out a detailed marketing budget including expenses and the deployment of resources (The Marketing Plan, 2017). The budget is created similarly as in the case of an advertisement either through an annual increase/decrease or through the more appropriate method according to first chosen objectives. The role of the marketing program is to prioritize marketing activities, dividing these into important marketing activities, partial steps, and tactical tasks. Part of this is also the preparation of time pla ns stipulating the limits for fulfilling key tasks. It may also be evaluated at regular meetings, for example as part of the monthly cycle. A useful aid for ascertaining differences between the actual and the target state is discrepancy analysis. This is a measure of the success of a marketing plan in ensuring the desired business objectives. It is most often used in the case of revenues and profitability but also can serve as the evaluation of other variables, for example, the return on investments etc. The idea of assessing alternative mixes is to find the most appropriate marketing strategy prior to beginning implementation of the plan. In the assessment, various analytical approaches can be used or simple methods on the basis of trial and error. The next step is setting alternative or backup plans. Since we cannot elaborate an alternative plan for every case, we should evaluate the influence of various groups of assumptions and find areas of greatest risk (Ghauri and Cateora, 2011). As results from Kotler’s research in 75 firms operating in the services fields, many of the control systems are inadequate. Berkowitz cites as the most frequent reasons for the failure of the marketing plan as10: From the above, it results that the marketing plan is becoming an important aid and tool for asserting the bank in the marketplace. It contains information necessary for managing and making well-grounded decisions. Its advantage is its comprehensiveness, therefore it is essential that all employees get acquainted with it. Every employee must recognize that as long as the bank as a whole prospers and that employees have the same objectives and through joint efforts achieve good results, this, in the end, will mean certainty in life also for employees. Ghauri, P. and Cateora, P. (2011). International Marketing.  Edinburgh Business School. [online] Available at: https://www.ebsglobal.net/EBS/media/EBS/PDFs/International-Marketing-Course-Taster.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Lynn, M. (2011). Segmenting and Targeting Your Market: Strategies and Limitations.  School of Hotel Administration Collection. [online] Available at: https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1238&context=articles [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Metaxas, T. (2005). Market research and target market segmentation.  Department of planning and regional department, [online] 38. Available at: https://www.prd.uth.gr/uploads/discussion_papers/2005/uth-prd-dp-2005-03_en.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. OTIENO, F. (2017). The Roles of Monitoring and Evaluation in Projects. [online] Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB8942.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Schnaith, P. (2011). The Implementation of Marketing Programs for New Target Segments.  I S S E R T A T I O N of the University of St. Gallen, School of Management. [online] Available at: https://www1.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/SysLkpByIdentifier/3979/$FILE/dis3979.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Selecting target market. (2017). [online] Available at: https://agrilifecdn.tamu.edu/cromptonrpts/files/2011/06/Full-Text14.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Strategic evaluation and control. (2013).  Undergraduate Strategic Management. [online] Available at: https://web.idv.nkmu.edu.tw/~hgyang/Module9.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. The Marketing Plan. (2017).  MARKETING PLAN OUTLINE. [online] Available at: https://www.sbdc.umb.edu/pdfs/marketing_plan.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Veresovà ¡, E. (2002). MARKETING PLAN.  Economic Focus. [online] Available at: https://www.nbs.sk/_img/Documents/BIATEC/BIA08_02/14_18.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr. 2017]. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical Dissertation

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical behaviours in horses - Dissertation Example While all animal behaviour is extremely complex in nature, the causes of stereotypic behaviour in horses have been especially elusive. One suggested cause for these behaviours has been the changes and stressors a foal undergoes at the point of weaning the foal from the mother's milk (Waran et al., 2007). There are many stressors that affect a foal surrounding the experience of weaning. It is a logical extrapolation that these stressors may continue to affect the personality and behaviour of a horse into adulthood. Therefore, reducing the presence of these unwanted behaviours could be done by reducing the stress level of the weanling. There are multiple methods of weaning, all with their positive and negative points. Current suggested methods of weaning cover procedures from the very rapid and sudden to the very long-term (Householder, 2003). A clear layout of these methods is necessary to compare them and determine the least stressful option. 1.1 Hypothesis and Study Objectives The p urpose of this study is to determine the least stressful method of horse weaning, in order to ease weaning stress on horse behaviour and so reduce certain unwanted stereotypic behaviours To achieve this purpose, there are four objectives that must be met: 1. Determination of the behaviours of concern 2. Analysis of current weaning methods 3. Determination of factors involved in weaning stress, including the environment 4. Comparison of weaning methods and determination of least stressful Due to the correlation between the start of unwanted stereotypic behaviours and the process of weaning, the initial hypothesis is that these stereotypic behaviours are related to abrupt weaning methods, and that a more gradual method will produce lower levels of this behaviour. 1.2 Study Rationale Caring for and training of horses is made much more difficult if those horses are prone to stereotypic disruptive behaviour. One known cause for unwanted repetitive behaviour in performance horses is chron ically high stress, which affects the horse's overall health and it's temperament (King, 2006). While many stressors in a horse's life are on-going and can be relatively minor, weaning only happens once but may be extremely distressing, depending on the horse and the weaning method (Householder, 2003). However, early and efficient weaning, with the minimum of stress to the mare is important in breeding, as it means that the mare will be able to produce her next foal that much sooner (Stull, 1997). If the stress levels at the time of weaning could be lowered, it would be a large step toward happier and healthier horses. But until we know what method of weaning will cause the least stress and what the long-term effects of available methods on behaviour would be, changing methods may actually be more detrimental, as that would essentially be a shot in the dark as to effectiveness and safety. Therefore, this study proposes to determine that least stressful method of weaning, which could have the end result of lowering the horse's stress levels throughout its life. 2 Effects of Stress on Horses High levels of stress in horses can trigger a series of hormonal and physical effects in the body, known as the â€Å"

Legal Aspects of Health Care College Case Study

Legal Aspects of Health Care College - Case Study Example Dr. William may also partially answer to the charges against him and partially demur to the complaint. "364.(a) No action based upon the health care provider's professional negligence may be commenced unless the defendant has been given at least 90 days' prior notice of the intention to commence the action." A subpoena refers to the process whereby a person is asked to appear in the court to testify in a case as a witness. Sections 1985 to 1997 of the California Code of Civil Procedures provide details on the conduct and types of subpoena. The person may be asked to personally present in the court to testify (depending upon the contents of subpoena) and provide expert opinion on a process in which he has expertise in; or he/ she may be asked to bring a book, record or any other form of document as evidences. In responding to a subpoena, the obligations may include producing personal record (if these are in possession) for Joan's treatment at the clinic; and providing professional opinion as to the sequence of events, conduct of professional expertise by Dr. Williams, etc. If a person provides false reports and testifies incorrectly, it may result in court taking actions against the subpoenaed (the person who is issued a subpoena). Thus, there is obligation to truthfully and accurately provide all required information to the court. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was developed to protect 'individually identifiable health information' in any form. The term individually identifiable health information is defined by the Act as: the individual's past, present or future physical or mental health or condition, the provision of health care to the individual, or the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to the individual, and that identifies the individual or for which there is a reasonable basis to believe it can be used to identify the individual. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009). As appears from the case, Dr. Williams showed Joan's medical records to his friend and thus showed him the provision of health care to Joan. This is in violation of HIPAA. As per the Act, he was not supposed to share this information with anyone

Formal analysis of one artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal analysis of one artwork - Essay Example Kress, He collected one of the most significant artworks of Europe and Italian renaissance and always had a vision of preserving historic artworks. This foundation supports the work of art in order to sustain history and artwork all around the world. They collect historic artworks from different places and preserve them in different museums in America. The presence of this artistic piece of artwork in this museum is also because of the foundation. The sculpture is of a virgin lady, holding a child in her hand. It is called the virgin lady with surety because she is wearing a long gown with a long belt and her head is covered with the long piece of cloth. It is said that it was compulsory for unmarried women at that period of time to wear long gowns and belts as compared to married women so that they could be judged that they are virgin and unmarried. It is the ‘cult’ of virgin –a figure of a religious personality. The sculpture comes from Troyes, a town in the province of Champagne where the examples of finest Gothic sculptures are found. The display plate also says that it is one of the finest examples of French sculptural traditions. The material used in the sculpture is limestone, the material which was famously and traditionally used in the construction of sculptures and churches all over France. Many landmarks today are made up of limestone. Usage of limestone in making of this sculpture at that point of time makes it more valuable and precious. The sculpture is an attached sculpture of two bodies. One is sculpture of a virgin girl and the other is her son which she is holding in her hand. In her other hand she is holding a flower. The child is lending his one hand towards the flower which the virgin girl is holding and the child’s other hand is broken. On the head of the virgin lady also seems that she is wearing a crown which suggests that she comes from a royal background of a religious cult. The child is also wearing a royal piece of

Thinking Skills and General Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Thinking Skills and General Management - Essay Example The four functions are used to apply on the resources of the organization. Compared with the contemporary age, as the development of new technologies, management are facing new problems on an everyday basis now, four functions of management are inter-related in some manners. Management applies to all levels within an organization. Managers can be classified by their level of responsibility and their functions. The junior manager usually is a supervisor or team leader. They work at the operational level and are expected to coordinate employees. Junior managers make sure the quality level of work is appropriate and may be expected to fill in when an employee is absent. Middle managers are usually sales, marketing and finance managers. Middle managers are responsible for junior managers and report to senior management. They spend longer on management functions compared with junior managers. Senior managers are the executives in the highest level of the organization they responsible for the overall direction and coordination of the organization objectives. Functional management is found in large organizations where specialist managers or expertise is required. Functional managers are usually concerned with a few tasks. Examples of this would be a human resource manager who is only concerned with staffing activities. Managers responsible for the all the activities in the organization can be considered as line managers. (Hannaghan, 110-13) They are involved in most of the organizational functions such as finance, production, human-relations and marketing. Line managers are usually found in smaller organizations such as factories and shops. "Planning is the management function that involves the process of defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities"(Robbins et al 219-25). It delivers strategic value, which is an

The State of Working America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The State of Working America - Assignment Example Tax rates were also drastically cut for all income sectors. The national debt was cut by one third, as quoted by one economic historian, â€Å"Despite the severity of the contraction, the Fed did not move to use its powers to turn the money supplies around and fight the contraction.† Therefore, by the summer of 1921 visible signs of recovery began to show. Unemployment was back to 6.7 percent and down to 2.4 percent by 1923. (Mataconis, 2009). According to Slichter high wage practices were adopted in the 1920s due to the threat of labor trouble, employers being unwilling to reduce wages in comparison to wholesale pricing, and realizing how important moral and efficiency had become to labor. (Slichter, 2005). Labor trouble threats began to peak in 1920, and the six-years prior saw a double of membership in trade unions. Unionism had established itself in the Chicago Packing Plants, the US Steel Corporation and the Pennsylvania Railroad as well. Employers seemed to have the beli ef that labor was in danger of becoming radical. (Slitter, 2005). New methods were used in industry to attempt to make workers more efficient and contented. 1. Helping employees acquire property, 2. Helping employees acquire a â€Å"stake† in the companies which employed them. 3. Protecting them from arbitrary treatment. 4. Rewarding continuous service with the company. 5. Giving them advancement opportunities and more responsibility. 6. Offering them security. These things resulted in a rise of around 11 percent in hourly wages for factory workers between 1920 and 1925. Thus, wage earners began to save money, which was encouraged by businessmen. (Slichter, 2005). The 1920s known as the â€Å"roaring twenties† gained its name from being pictured as a time of American prosperity and optimism. However, it is also seen as a time of cultural change, a decade of the Model T, $5 work days, airplanes, movies, and provocative dress. The nation shifted from urbanism to commerci alism and brought with its prohibition, the Ku Klux Klan, strict immigration laws, and gangsters. Quoted by Jerrie Cheek from the Kennesaw University, â€Å"The powerful economy might of America from 1920 to October 1929 is frequently overlooked†¦the strength of America was generated and driven by its vast economic power.† (Cheek, 2005). The happening on October 1929 on a Tuesday, know as â€Å"black Tuesday† became the beginning of the Great Depression. Two months after the stock market crash stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars in investments. Economists and historians both believe that the economic downturn that showed up in early 1929 lead to the crash. The market did improve somewhat by the end of 1930; however, it was not enough to keep America from entering the Great Depression. (Kelley, 2012). By 1933 11,000 of America’s 25,000 banks had failed, and because deposits were uninsured, funds were simply lost. Banks, being unsure of the ec onomy, stopped issuing new loans, which contributed to the situation. (The Great Depression, 2012).